(a) Qualified research—(1) General rule. Research activities related to the development or improvement of a business component constitute qualified research only if the research activities meet all of the requirements of section 41(d)(1) and this section, and are not otherwise …

(a) Alternative incremental credit. At the election of the taxpayer, the credit determined under section 41(a)(1) equals the amount determined under section 41(c)(4). (b) Election—(1) In general. A taxpayer may elect to apply the provisions of the alternative incremental credit …

(a) New taxpayers. If, with respect to any credit year, the taxpayer has not been in existence for any previous taxable year, the average annual gross receipts of the taxpayer for the four taxable years preceding the credit year shall …

(a) Allocations—(1) Corporation making an election under subchapter S—(i) Pass-through, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1982, in the case of an S corporation. In the case of an S corporation (as defined in section 1361) the amount of …

(a) Controlled group of corporations; trades or businesses under common control—(1) In general. In determining the amount of research credit allowed with respect to a trade or business that at the end of its taxable year is a member of …