Payments made directly or indiÂrectly by a utility corporation to a non-profit research and developÂment organization formed to deÂvelop a model that will benefit the utility field are deductible as reÂsearch and experimental expendiÂtures.
Rev. Rul. 73-20
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1 Also released as Technical Information Release 1220, dated December 15, 1912.
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Advice has been requested whether, under the circumstances described beÂlow, certain payments qualify as reÂsearch and experimental expenditures pursuant to section 174 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954.
M, a domestic utility corporation, is a member of X, a non-profit trade association.
In order to engage in a research and development project in the utility field, M and other utility companies organized and became members of Y, a non-profit company formed to proÂmote and collect funds for the project. Further, M, and the other utility companies formed and became memÂbers of Z, a non-profit research and deÂvelopment organization to build and operate the project.
M and the other utility companies, as members of Y and Z, are required to make annual payments based on a formula taking into account the quantity of electricity they sell and the revenues derived therefrom. The amounts paid and to be expended for the research and development project will be treated by M for acÂcounting and rate making purposes as research and development costs and as operating expenses.
M, in making the required payÂments under the formula, has the choice of paying the funds directly to either X, Y, or Z. If payment is made to X, such funds will be transÂferred by X to Y and then to Z, and if the funds are paid to Y, the funds will be transferred to Z. In either cage the transfer to Z will be reduced by certain operating and administrative expenses incurred by Y in connection with the project. Thus, the purpose of X and Y is to act as an intermediÂary for the funds and to provide a recipient familiar to the participants in the project.
The research performed by Z is of an investigative nature that is intendÂed to develop the concept of a model that will benefit the utility field. M will not, as a result of its payments, acquire ownership in land or depreÂciable property.
Section 174(a)(1) of the Code proÂvides, in general, that a taxpayer may treat research and experimental exÂpenditures that are paid or incurred by him during the taxable year in connection with his trade or business as expenses that are not chargeable to capital account. The expenditures so treated shall be allowed as a deÂduction.
Section 1.174-2(a)(2) of the InÂcome Tax Regulations provides, in part, that the provisions of this secÂtion apply not only to costs paid or incurred .by the taxpayer for research and experimentation undertaken diÂrectly by him but also to expenditures paid or incurred for research or exÂperimentation carried on in his behalf by another person or organization (such as a research institute, foundaÂtion, engineering company, or similar contractor).
Revenue Ruling 69-484, 1969-2 C.B. 38, holds that payments made by an airline transportation company to an airline manufacturer that will deÂsign, develop, fabricate, and test proÂtotype aircraft constitute research and experimental expenditures under secÂtion 174(a) of the Code.
Accordingly, in the instant case, the amounts paid or incurred by M in connection with the project, including the amounts paid to Y for operating and administrative expenses, are reÂsearch and experimental expenditures for purposes of section 174 of the Code.